Convective chimney

A convective chimney is a localized deeply mixed region formed when surface buoyancy loss overcomes ocean density stratification. Small plumes, compensating flow, rotation and lateral exchange maintain its structure; it need not be a permanently uniform descending column. Brine rejection can increase its surface density forcing. A fresh summer cap can isolate a deep homogeneous core until winter forcing renews contact with the surface, so a surviving core need not imply continuous active convection.