For independent moments of angular momentum at small , the zero-field variance is . Differentiating the canonical mean gives the magnetic susceptibilityThus susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature. The small-field or high-temperature condition distinguishes this law from the exponentially vanishing fixed-field susceptibility of a saturated paramagnet at low temperature.
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Curie's law, named after the French physicist Pierre Curie, describes the magnetic properties of paramagnetic materials. It states that the magnetization \( M \) of a paramagnetic material is directly proportional to the applied magnetic field \( H \) and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature \( T \).