Debye-Hückel potential of a charged sphere ($\varphi (r)=Q{e}^{-\kappa (r-a)}/[4\pi \epsilon r(1+\kappa a)]$)

For a uniformly charged sphere of radius $a$, total electric charge $Q$, and an exterior dilute electrolyte of permittivity $\epsilon$, the Debye–Hückel approximation gives $(r^2{\varphi }^{\prime }{)}^{\prime }={\kappa }^2{r}^2\varphi$. Decay at infinity and Gauss's law, $-\epsilon {\varphi }^{\prime }(a)=Q/(4\pi a^2)$, select the displayed electric potential. Substituting $u=r\varphi$ reduces the proof to $u^{\prime \prime }={\kappa }^{2}u$. The screening parameter is ${\kappa }^2={\sum }_i{z}_i^2{e}^2{n}_{i,\infty }/(\epsilon k_{B}T)$, and the ion profiles are $n_i\simeq n_{i,\infty }(1-z_{i}e\varphi /(k_{B}T))$. The validity condition is $|z_{i}e\varphi (a)|\ll k_{B}T$ for every relevant species. Integrating the diffuse charge density using the radial equation gives total screening charge $-Q$.