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Derek E. Haycock coauthored research on X-ray emission spectroscopy.^[ref]

X-ray emission spectroscopy studies the frequency spectrum of emitted X-rays. The spectral line positions identify electronic energy differences; their strengths also depend on excitation, photon absorption inside the sample, geometry and detector response. An X-ray tube may excite a sample with electrons, while X-ray fluorescence uses incident photons. The distinction matters when choosing what the experiment measures: identifying a chemical element from a line position is different from determining its abundance from a line strength.