In diffusion-limited cluster aggregation, mobile clusters undergoing Brownian motion attach with probability close to one when they encounter another cluster. Irreversible first-contact sticking tends to trap particles in exposed outer branches, producing open aggregates. In the common three-dimensional isotropic cluster model, the mass fractal dimension is roughly . This is different from depositing individual random walkers onto one fixed cluster. Rotational motion, anisotropic attraction and bond restructuring can change the morphology.
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