The rocky shell below the crust and above the core. It transmits S waves on seismic time scales while undergoing very slow viscous deformation over geological time scales.
An effective relation between deviatoric stress and deformation rate in mantle rocks. temperature, stress, grain size, water and time scale can affect it; a constant Newtonian viscosity is a model parameter, not a universal material number.
Time-dependent deformation after an earthquake, including viscous or viscoelastic flow as distinct from fault afterslip. Joint spatial and temporal observations are needed to distinguish those mechanisms and the layers that deform.
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