The rocky shell below the crust and above the core. It transmits S waves on seismic time scales while undergoing very slow viscous deformation over geological time scales.
The temperature a parcel of mantle material would attain after a reversible adiabatic process bringing it to a specified reference pressure, without changing its composition or phase assemblage. It removes the compressional contribution when comparing sources at different depths. Within one phase and with depth positive downward, the adiabatic process gives the gradient is , so
(1)
Absolute temperature is used inside this formula. Recovering a source from erupted magma also requires accounting for melting, latent heat, ascent and fractional crystallization; an eruption temperature is not automatically a mantle potential temperature.
An effective relation between deviatoric stress and deformation rate in mantle rocks. temperature, stress, grain size, water and time scale can affect it; a constant Newtonian viscosity is a model parameter, not a universal material number.
Time-dependent deformation after an earthquake, including viscous or viscoelastic flow as distinct from fault afterslip. Joint spatial and temporal observations are needed to distinguish those mechanisms and the layers that deform.

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