Eddington-Sweet circulation ($t_{\mathrm{ES}}\sim t_{\mathrm{KH}}GM/({\Omega }^2{R}^3)$)

The thermal imbalance of a slowly rotating radiative star can drive stellar meridional circulation. Its fractional centrifugal distortion is ${ϵ}_{\Omega }\sim {\Omega }^2{R}^3/(GM)$, so balancing an order-${ϵ}_{\Omega }$ fraction of the luminosity by thermal advection estimates $t_{\mathrm{ES}}\sim t_{\mathrm{KH}}/{ϵ}_{\Omega }$, where $t_{\mathrm{KH}}\sim G{M}^2/(RL)$. Stable composition gradients can further impede the circulation. This radiative thermal estimate is different from rapid torque-driven circulation in a convective envelope.