Primary Pulse Width control page. Width is measured between rising and falling 50% crossings; duty-cycle entry provides an alternative setting. The page distinguishes period constraints from the width value.
Primary analyzer documentation. S-Parameters defines the output/input index order; Common Measurements with S-Parameters distinguishes reflection and transmission; Receiver Measurements and Ratioed Measurements describe reference/test receiver ratios.
TI Precision Labs – Motor Drivers. Slide 1 credits presentation and preparation to Hector Hernandez. Slides 2–4 show bridge components and control; slides 5–7 illustrate current recirculation and switching intervals.
Primary ABB guide. Technology Review, Performance Characteristics, printed pp.8–9, discusses equivalent excitation and through impedances. Burdens, printed p.13, defines secondary loading and its effect on ratio/phase errors, distinguishes standard from actual burdens, and tabulates impedance and VA at specified secondary current. No present-day accuracy standard is inferred from this historical guide.
Official MIT CSAIL profile, last-update label 5 April 2022: the biography describes multicore-computing work and the circuits textbook. The independent official departmental page www.eecs.mit.edu/people/anant-agarwal/ identifies the same professor and lists computer architecture as a research area; its image link is www.eecs.mit.edu/sites/default/files/person-photos/agarwal_0.jpg . Historical profile wording is not used to assert a current external executive role.
Official MIT profile headed Jeffrey H. Lang. Its teaching paragraph identifies collaboration with Anant Agarwal on circuit teaching; its research paragraph describes electromechanical conversion, motors, generators and micro/nano-electromechanical systems. The page explicitly labels its linked portrait Jeffrey H. Lang.
Primary WECC Underfrequency Load Shedding Work Group report; the cover gives its date and group attribution. Printed p.4 describes dynamic simulation assessment and monitored frequency response; printed p.12, Generation–Load Imbalance Creation, describes modeled generation deficits of 10%, 20% and 25%. Simulation results are not field measurements.
Official DOE technical overview. What are Inverters? explains DC-to-AC switching and filtering; Grid Services and Inverters distinguishes a grid reference from equipment that can establish its own reference. These are functional descriptions, not specifications of a particular inverter.
Official Anritsu white paper. Printed p. 2, THD Definitions and Calculation Approach, distinguishes normalization to the fundamental from normalization to the full harmonic RMS sum. Printed p. 3 and Figure 1 describe source-power/receiver calibration across the measured harmonic frequencies. Printed pp. 4–7 demonstrate separate harmonic measurement channels and their root-sum-square combination.
Primary manufacturer FAQ headed What is the difference between IEEE and IEC standards in terms of kW, kVAR, and PF (power factor)?. It distinguishes physical current lead/lag from the sign assigned to a power-factor display, illustrating differing display conventions. We use only that distinction, not a claim about every meter.
Eaton-hosted 14-page technical paper. Printed p. 1 verifies both bylines and affiliations. Section V.D, printed p. 6, describes staged automatic control; Section V.F, printed p. 6, treats overcompensation. Section VI.C, printed p. 8, CT Location for Automatic Banks, explains placement, polarity and phase feedback. Section XII, printed p. 14, gives both author biographies. Section IX, printed p. 13, concerns fault current.
Electrical Distribution Fundamentals Design Guide0100DB2301, Power Quality Metrics. Its Distortion Factor entry defines RMS harmonic content relative to the fundamental, also called total harmonic distortion. This illustrates why the ratio definition must accompany the label.
Vendor indexed Harmonic Measurements section, Quality Indicators: Distortion Factor is given as power factor divided by cosine phi; Crest Factor is separately defined from peak and RMS magnitudes. Only the indexed definition is used here.
Official MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics profile. The heading identifies Karl K. Berggren; the biographical paragraph identifies his electrical-engineering and physics appointment and group leadership. The research-focus paragraph lists superconductive circuits, electronic devices, single-photon detectors for quantum applications, and electron-optical systems. The page explicitly labels its linked portrait as Karl K. Berggren: rledevs4.mit.edu/176702/photo%3Bsmall%3DFalse%3Bversion%3D20240416170829227 . Independent official departmental identity: www.eecs.mit.edu/people/karl-berggren/ .
Anritsu online operation manual, document 10450-00040, revision AE, Vector Network Analyzer Basics. The S-Parameters discussion specifies that a measured S-parameter has both magnitude and phase and describes the two forms of display. No publication date is inferred from the revision identifier.
Additional locator: opening tuned-receiver discussion and the split-reference/electrical-delay figures. A source reference is sampled before the device; signal/reference path-length differences produce frequency-dependent measured phase. dl.cdn-anritsu.com/en-us/test-measurement/ohs/10450-00040AE/Setup_and_Operation/OM_ApA_VNA_Primer.6.5.html
MIT OpenCourseWare, Circuits and Electronics, lecture 14. The slides carry Fall 2000 and the distribution footer credits Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, Spring 2007 course materials. PDF pages 2–6 distinguish capacitor state from subsequent input and separate the zero-input and zero-state responses of an RC circuit.
Rev.0, October2008; document copyright2009. Page1, Figure1 and surrounding text distinguish differential and common-mode input paths and model high input resistance with shunt capacitance. Page2, Op Amp Input Capacitance, discusses the importance of source impedance. The scalar receiving-port model in the knowledge article is an explicitly chosen simplification.
MIT 22.071/6.071, Spring 2006, Laboratory11. Pages1–2 use square-wave excitation to identify RC decay and sinusoidal excitation plus oscilloscope observations to compare resistor/capacitor amplitudes and phases. The component values in the linked knowledge article are independently chosen.
Printed p. 1 specifies a 47 nF capacitor, a 1.5 kΩ resistor and 5 V, 1 kHz square-wave excitation for measuring the natural RC response. Page 2 compares sinusoidal capacitor/resistor amplitudes and phases with an oscilloscope. These are the published apparatus values; numerical pulse-threshold examples in the wiki use separately stated illustrative values.
First-page byline: Prof. Karl K. Berggren, MIT EECS, 23 March 2023. Page3 states the late-time transient assumption; pp10–11 derive the complex exponential solution of the first-order capacitor equation.
Official Grid Deployment Office publication. Printed p. 1, Introduction and Microgrid Overview, defines the electrical boundary, coordinated control, and grid-connected or islanded operation; printed p. 2, Figure 1, depicts generation, storage, loads, and controller connections. No individual author is credited on the cover.
Published by the U.S. Department of Energy. Volume 2, DOE-HDBK-1011/2-92: Module 5, DC Generators, and Module 6, DC Motors; Module 6, DC Motor Theory, describes induced opposing electric potential difference and torque. Volume 3, DOE-HDBK-1011/3-92: Module 7, AC Generation Analysis, printed pp. 4–7, especially effective values and equations 7-1–7-8; Module 9, AC Power. Volume 4, DOE-HDBK-1011/4-92: Module 13, Transformer Theory, especially copper loss and efficiency on printed pp. 11–13; Module 15, System Components and Protection Devices, printed pp. 1–6 and Figure 1, followed by Wiring Schemes and Grounding.
Volume 3, Module 8, Resonance, printed p. 19: equation 8-14 gives the resonant frequency, and Series Resonance states that the net series reactance vanishes and the current is set by the remaining resistance. [ref]
Volume 3, Module 10, AC Generator Theory, printed p. 6, equation 10-1, gives generated frequency from rotor speed in revolutions per minute and total magnetic pole count. Volume 2, Module 6, DC Motor Theory, printed pp. 4–6, equations 6-1–6-3, relates electromagnetic torque, opposing induced electric potential difference and armature current.
Volume 4, Module 13, Transformer Types, printed p. 19, Instrument Current Transformer, describes the many-secondary-turn measurement arrangement and the physical reason an energized open secondary can develop excessive induced electric potential difference.
Institutional interview dated 25 October 2016. The sections Improving microgrids with smart motors and Electrifying the Cheetah robot discuss Kirtley’s motor/power-system work and short-duration torque demands. The page links an identified James Kirtley portrait.
Official departmental profile: Professor of EE (Emeritus); research areas include energy and robotics. Identifies the same MIT faculty member whose full James L. Kirtley Jr. byline appears in the course notes.
Primary Texas Instruments application report SBOA001A, title-page byline Tamara Alani, January 2000–Revised June 2020: www.ti.com/lit/an/sboa001a/sboa001a.pdf?ts=1743415280108 . Printed pp. 2–3 explain preserving internal resistor matching while reducing differential gain; p. 5 describes observing the common-mode response on an oscilloscope and adjustment of rejection. The revision date is distinguished from the original report date.
Texas Instruments, TI Precision Labs. Title slide credits presentation and preparation to Tamara Alani. Presentation slides 3–5, PDF pages 3–5: a finite input impedance draws current from a source with nonzero output impedance; buffered inputs reduce this loading. Video landing page: www.ti.com/video/6216438746001 , dated 15 December 2020.
MIT 6.061, Chapter 2, “Energy and Power”, equations45–63 and §7.1 RMS Amplitude, printed pp.10–15. Equation63 uses peak phasors and a factor 1/2; the RMS convention removes that factor. The first-page byline is J. L. Kirtley Jr.; its copyright names James L. Kirtley Jr.
The first page carries a 2007 copyright and the full name James L. Kirtley Jr.; the document is distributed in the Spring 2011 OCW course. Equation63 uses peak-amplitude phasors and includes a factor1/2; Section7.1 defines RMS amplitudes, under which complex power is .
Output Load Termination: fixed series output impedance in common generators, actual versus assumed termination, and the factor-of-two amplitude change between 50-ohm and high-impedance loads. Corporate documentation; no personal byline asserted.
Introduction to Electronic Circuits, session 3 of 3. Op-Amp Basics (1), Figure 2 and its resistance-ratio derivation, gives the inverting closed-loop gain . Op-Amp Basics (2), Figure 3, gives the non-inverting gain . The opening discussion distinguishes signal connections from supply connections and describes negative feedback. No individual byline or publication date is stated here.
Primary NASA dataset description: custom battery prognostics testbed, controlled charge/discharge and temperature conditions, programmable load and supply, voltage/current/temperature sensing and data acquisition. The stated aging end criterion is 30% rated-capacity loss, from 2 Ah to 1.4 Ah; this is distinct from the potential threshold ending each discharge.
“Intended Use” in data.nasa.gov/dataset/li-ion-battery-aging-datasets states that different discharge depths, rest durations and intrinsic variability produce different states of life at the same cycle index. It distinguishes remaining-life prediction for one discharge from long-term aging end of life.
MathWorks tsa reference. Description specifies averaging synchronized to supplied pulse times, with configurable tachometer pulses per rotation and number of rotations. Examples and algorithm discussion distinguish phase-aligned segments, resampling and averaging. The synthetic sinusoid and modeled fan examples are explicitly computational demonstrations.
MathWorks worked example. Introduction explicitly identifies simulated helicopter accelerometer data. The RPM-order-map section describes constant-phase resampling and the distinction between rotational orders and ordinary frequencies; the later sections extract order amplitudes and waveforms. The example is a software demonstration, not an independently reported helicopter experiment.
Manufacturer datasheet, revision DE-DLPCA-200_R19/JM/02JAN2019, five pages. Page 1 shows the current-to-voltage converter and programmable gain stages; pp. 2–3 tabulate gain-dependent bandwidth, noise and linear input limits. These specifications describe an actual amplifier, rather than the illustrative optical-power ranges in dynamic range.
IEEE Control Systems Magazine27(6),46–99, December2007. DOI10.1109/MCS.2007.906923. Title-page byline Jan C. Willems. Printed pp46–49 introduce relations, shared-variable interconnection and modeling by tearing, zooming and linking; the section What Is a Dynamical System? defines time axis, signal space and behavior.
University-hosted author curriculum. Professional biography: electrical-engineering education, MIT1968PhD, Groningen systems-and-control professorship from1973, dissipativity and behavioral-system contributions, emeritus status in2003and subsequent KU Leuven guest professorship. Records death31August2013. The university homepage homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~sistawww/smc/jwillems/ directly links portrait homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~sistawww/smc/jwillems/Photos/photo1.jpg .
Manufacturer technical article, section Shunt Ammeters versus Feedback Ammeters, Figures1–3: insertion voltage burden, shunt and connection resistance, and feedback current measurement. Its 99.8nA versus100nA example corresponds to0.2percent burden error; the adjacent published statement of2percent is an arithmetic error. No individual byline is supplied.
RevisionB. Applications Information: Current Sense, printedpp10–11, Choosing a Sense Resistor and Sense Resistor Connection; Figure3 shows separate Kelvin sense paths. The specified device is a high-side current/voltage sense amplifier.
Burr-Brown document PDS-1078D/SBFS003, printed September1994, hosted by Texas Instruments. Page9, Modes of Operation and Hold and Reset Switches, Figures3–4: discharge before a new integration interval and separate hold control. Page10, Output Overload: output limiting and additional recovery time. Page3, Charge Transfer Errors: reset-to-integrate charge transfer. These are the historical document conditions, not specifications inferred for an arbitrary integrator.
Analog Devices tutorial, Rev.0, October2008. Pages9–10, Figures13–16: switch charge injection and retained-charge transients. Pages11–13, Figures19–21: RC settling and the distinction between switching delay and settling time. No full individual byline is identified on the document.
Texas Instruments SLAU504, June2013. Title page credits Peter Semig; About the Author, printedp13, uses Pete Semig and identifies his analog-applications work supporting difference and instrumentation amplifiers. Circuit Description and Theory of Operation describe single-supply current measurement.
Texas Instruments application circuit SBOA275B, first issued February2018, revised September2024. Byline Pete Semig. Page1 Design Description/Design Notes: feedback capacitor, DC operating point, offset and bandwidth limits; p2 ideal integral equation; p3 transient simulations.
Byline Eamon Nash, Analog Devices. Equations (1)–(2): CMRR as the differential-to-common gain ratio and resulting common-mode output error.
Primary publisher page explicitly credits Eamon Nash and is dated1July1998. Introduction describes differential amplification of bridge/thermocouple signals; equations1–2 give finite common-mode gain and rejection. Common Mode Voltage Range distinguishes input operating limits from rejection performance. The older PDF URL redirects to this publisher page.
Analog Devices technical article, 29 March 2002. What Defines Coherent Sampling? gives the integer-cycle relation between input frequency, sample rate and record length. The accompanying ADC example distinguishes a coherent ratio from the additional choice of an irreducible cycle-count/record-length ratio.
National Instruments, LabVIEW Analysis Concepts, March 2004 edition, part 370192C-01. Printed pages 5-20–5-24 distinguish periodic spectral windows from symmetric filter-design windows and discuss coherent-gain amplitude scaling, equivalent noise bandwidth and off-bin amplitude errors. Table 5-3 gives Hanning coherent gain 0.50 and ENBW 1.50.
Primary manufacturer application note IAN50004. Section 4.1, Modes of switching, Figures 5–6, describes bipolar/unipolar bridge switching, nonoverlap to avoid supply cross-conduction, and inductive current recirculation through body diodes during the interval. No individual byline is asserted.

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