Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2017 iii Paper 314 1 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Let the constant mass density be and put , the Alfvén velocity. Since both the velocity and the magnetic field have zero divergence, the magnetic tension and magnetic pressure decomposition of the Lorentz force givesThe Newtonian gravitational potential remains in ; uniform mass density does not justify dropping a prescribed gravitational acceleration. Adding and subtracting the two equations proves the Elsässer variable equationsHere ; each Elsässer variable is transported by the other.
Define . Taking the dot product with gives the Elsässer energy invariant balanceThe divergence theorem proves whenever the net boundary flux vanishes. In particular, makes , so both fluxes vanish pointwise. Periodic boundary conditions or decay at infinity are also sufficient. These boundary conditions matter: fixed volume alone gives no conservation.
The kinetic energy plus magnetic energy isExpanding and using the cross-helicity definition yieldsBoth energy and cross-helicity therefore follow from the two Elsässer energy invariants. The quantity here is exactly the requested kinetic energy plus magnetic energy, without an additional gravitational term.