Let be a finite union-closed family whose union is nonempty. Some ground element belongs to at least a proportion
of its members. Requiring a nonempty union excludes both the empty set family and , for which no element can be chosen.
Here is the entropy mechanism. Choose independent uniform random members of . Then and , because the union still belongs to . If every element had probability at most of belonging to , Will Sawin's binary entropy estimate would give
a contradiction when . A singleton set family with nonempty union satisfies the conclusion directly.[ref]

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