Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2023 ib Paper 4 13C a Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Let and , where the variations vanish on the boundary. The first variation isApplying integration by parts to the four derivative terms and discarding the boundary contributions givesThe variations and are independent and arbitrary in the interior. The fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations therefore gives the two Euler-Lagrange equations for two fields
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2023 ib Paper 4 13C b ii Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Let the displayed integrand be . Since it has no explicit dependence on or , the Euler-Lagrange equations for two fields areIts derivatives areThusUsing the Laplacian, gradient, and divergence, these combine into the static Navier-Cauchy equation