Let be the SWAP gate. If the drift Hamiltonian operator and every allowed control Hamiltonian operator commute with , every reachable time-evolution operator also commutes with . Indeed, satisfies the same initial-value Schrödinger equation as and starts at , so uniqueness gives . Yet . An individual Pauli Z gate is consequently unavailable within that symmetric control model. Equal nuclear resonances, isotropic exchange interaction, and identical coupling to a common homogeneous radio frequency field provide an example. An added interaction that breaks this symmetry can remove the obstruction.
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