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Xinran Wang is the first-listed author of Atomic layer deposition of metal oxides on pristine and functionalized graphene by Xinran Wang and others. The experiments show that atomic layer deposition grows preferentially at edges and defects on pristine graphene, whereas surface functionalization enables more uniform coating. This makes surface chemistry an explicit control on film nucleation.^[ref]

A researcher who coauthored liquid-phase production of graphene from graphite. Suitable solvents stabilize separated sheets, helping balance the energetic cost of exfoliation. The study checked the sheets with Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, and demonstrated conducting films and composites. It addressed the manufacturing problem of obtaining useful quantities while preserving the material's structure.^[ref]

Yufeng Hao was first-listed author of the 2013 study connecting surface oxygen on copper with growth of large single-crystal graphene domains. The team identified changes in nucleation density and growth behavior.^[ref]

This separates making nuclei from expanding existing domains. A treatment can change how many growth centers form as well as how quickly their boundaries advance. Faster growth alone does not guarantee a single crystal if many independently oriented domains are already present.

For an original planar-spacing estimate, suppose nuclei have number density $N$ per unit area and each ultimately occupies an area of order $1/N$. A characteristic spacing is thenAt $N=10^8{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$, $\ell \sim 100\mu \mathrm{m}$. At $N=10^4{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$, $\ell \sim 1\mathrm{cm}$. Reducing density by a factor of $10^4$ enlarges this characteristic length by a factor of 100, not $10^4$.

The estimate assumes a simple two-dimensional allocation of area; it does not describe nucleation timing, anisotropic growth or coalescence in detail. Those omissions matter in a real chemical vapor deposition experiment. The numerical densities are illustrative, not measurements quoted from Hao's paper. Material-growth control and spectroscopic characterization supply complementary evidence about the resulting graphene.