Harmonic Hardy space of the upper half-space ($h^1(H^{d+1})$)

For the upper half-space $H^{d+1}={\mathbb{R}}^d\times (0,\infty )$, this is the space of harmonic functions with finite norm $\Vert u{\Vert }_{h^1}={\sup }_{t>0}{\int }_{{\mathbb{R}}^d}|u(x,t)|dx$. It differs from an analytic Hardy space: no holomorphic function condition is imposed, and its boundary object can be a singular finite Borel measure.

The Poisson kernel for the upper half-space gives an isometric bijection from finite real or complex Borel measures, with their total variation norm of a measure, onto the harmonic Hardy space of the upper half-space. The kernel has unit mass, so Tonelli theorem gives the upper norm bound. Its approximate identity property gives weak-star convergence to the original measure and hence the reverse norm bound. For surjectivity, the mean value property for harmonic functions bounds each shifted harmonic function; bounded harmonic uniqueness gives $u(\cdot ,s+t)=P_t\ast u(\cdot ,s)$. A weak-star limit of the uniformly bounded measures $u(\cdot ,s)dx$ then gives the required boundary measure. In particular $|u(x,t)|\le c_d{t}^{-d}\Vert u{\Vert }_{h^1}$, where $c_d=\Gamma ((d+1)/2)/{\pi }^{(d+1)/2}$.