Different ensemble members accumulating different deterministic phases can shorten their averaged Bloch vector even when each member remains in a pure state. Averaging static frequency offsets gives an effective dephasing channel. It need not represent irreversible phase loss in each individual system; an appropriate refocusing pulse can reverse static offsets. Changing offsets during the sequence requires a temporal noise model.

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  1. Dephasing channel
  2. Pauli channel
  3. Random unitary channel
  4. Quantum channel
  5. Completely positive map
  6. Positive linear map
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