J. Choay is the first author of a 1983 study testing which defined fragments of heparin support binding to antithrombin. The team synthesized related four- and five-sugar structures, checked their chemical structures by nuclear magnetic resonance, and measured binding and enhancement of factor Xa inhibition.[ref]
The tested five-sugar fragment formed an equimolar complex with antithrombin and enhanced its inhibitory activity; the four-sugar fragment did not show the same behavior. Comparing chemically defined fragments helped separate a particular residue arrangement from the heterogeneous mixture of chains in a heparin preparation. Structure confirmation and activity measurement answered different questions, and both were needed for the argument.[ref]

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