Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 iii Paper 75 1 4 Solution 2026-10-14
When , expand the square root in the exact frequencies. The fast branch haswhile the slow branch has . HenceThe fast dispersive wave is the mode sought in the question's subsequent fast-time limit. In a strongly oblique wave, , so its frequency scales as . The slow branch instead tends to , where the ion cyclotron frequency is .
There is a terminology qualification: in the pressure-free incompressible Hall equations used here, the fast branch is conventionally a whistler wave. The question calls the requested small-scale waves kinetic Alfvén waves, but a general kinetic-Alfvén dispersion includes pressure/kinetic ordering absent from these equations. The boxed dispersion is the result for the printed model; no extra pressure response or kinetic term has been silently added.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2006 iii Paper 69 2 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Put and retain terms linear in . The electron magnetohydrodynamics induction equation becomesHere the curl of reduces to , since the background magnetic field is constant and the divergence of a curl vanishes. For a plane wave , the linear equation and the solenoidal constraint areOn the transverse plane, the operator has eigenvalues by the helicity decomposition of a transverse Fourier mode. Equivalently, squaring the equation and using the vector triple product gives . Since , where is the Alfvén speed and the ion skin depth,The two branches have opposite circular polarizations. The specified electron-only induction model describes a whistler wave; the paper calls these branches kinetic Alfvén waves. The following cascade calculation uses the specified model and its dispersion relation, without adding the pressure response needed for the usual kinetic Alfvén interpretation.