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Damage to a region of the brain. An observed deficit can reflect local tissue loss, disconnected pathways or remote dysfunction; preserved performance can reflect redundant routes or compensation. Lesion extent and appropriate sensory and motor controls matter for causal inference.

A brain structure with highly organized circuitry involved in motor control and learning, among other functions. Cerebellar error-driven learning models relate input expansion, Purkinje cells and instructive climbing fibers to adaptive control.

The ophthalmic nerve is the first main division of the trigeminal nerve. It supplies sensory pathways from the forehead, upper orbital region and parts of the eye and nose. Its sensory role differs from the motor control of eye movement by other cranial nerves.