A muonic atom has a negative muon bound in the Coulomb potential of an atomic nucleus. Its much larger reduced mass than in an electronic chemical atom greatly reduces the orbital scale, increasing sensitivity of transition energies to the nuclear charge radius and nuclear charge distribution. Measuring muonic X-ray transitions therefore complements electron scattering. Strong relativistic and nuclear-size effects in heavy systems require a treatment beyond a point-nucleus nonrelativistic Coulomb spectrum.
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