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A sequence in which an environmental change induces a phenotype through phenotypic plasticity, followed by inherited refinement through natural selection. Evidence requires separating initial induction from subsequent inherited change.

An effect of one gene or genetic variant on multiple distinguishable phenotypic traits. It can constrain evolution when effects oppose simultaneous improvement, or facilitate coordinated improvement when their directions align with natural selection. Distinguish a single causal change from several linked changes.

natural selection in which a variant’s relative fitness increases with its frequency under a specified ecological setting. Shared warning patterns can benefit from prior predator learning.

The component of a biodiversity-effect partition reflecting covariance between monoculture yield and mixture relative-yield change. The name does not imply evolutionary natural selection.^[ref]

Inherited variation already present before a focal environmental change or episode of natural selection. Reuse of an existing allele differs historically from independent origin through a new mutation.