Neuromodulation

Regulation of neural processing by chemical signals that can alter excitability, plasticity, gain or network state. Effects depend on receptor, target and timescale rather than only transmitter identity.

Observations establish what signals naturally covary with defined events; interventions estimate consequences of changing a specified target. Convergence requires matching cell population, projection, timescale and behavioural endpoint, with direct target engagement measurements and controls for off-target drug effects.

A signal acting in neuromodulation. The same molecule can have different functions at different receptors and targets; the label does not imply slow action or a single diffuse behavioural purpose.