Neutron-proton chemical equilibrium

With negligible lepton chemical potentials, weak equilibrium gives $n_n/n_p\simeq e^{-Q/(k_{B}T)}$, where $Q=(m_n-m_p)c^2$.

Neglecting chemical potentials, the equilibrium abundance ratio is $n_n/n_p\simeq \exp [-(m_n-m_p)c^2/(k_{B}T)]$. Weak freeze-out fixes an approximate starting ratio, which is then reduced by free-neutron decay after freeze-out before most remaining neutrons bind into helium.