A nondestructive read samples a pixel’s accumulated signal without resetting it. Repeated samples permit Fowler sampling and up-the-ramp sampling, and can help identify saturation and cosmic-ray charge steps.
Up-the-ramp sampling measures accumulated charge repeatedly through an exposure and estimates flux from its slope. Cosmic-ray steps, saturation and nonlinearity must be identified or modelled.
Fowler sampling averages several nondestructive reads near the start and end of an integration and differences the two averages. For independent equal read noise, averaging lowers the read-noise variance; correlated noise limits the improvement.
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