Extension accommodated by a hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall. Its focal mechanism has an extensional dip-slip pattern, with the centre unshaded under the convention that shaded quadrants denote compression.
A tilted region transferring displacement between overlapping normal fault segments. Opposing gradients of fault throw can produce an unbroken ramp. Continued extension can breach the ramp with a connecting fault, generating a linked segmented trace.
A relatively down-dropped block bounded by opposing normal faults. A small secondary graben can form within the distributed surface rupture zone of one earthquake.
A fault on which the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall. Local bending or collapse can create small normal faults even during a regional reverse-faulting event.
A long-lived low-angle normal fault that can exhume deep crust or mantle. Its mapped scarp need not be a plate-motion arrow.
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