For pressureless matter in a Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric with negative spatial curvature of an FLRW universe and no cosmological constant, set . A decaying linear growth factor is . Reduction of order gives the regular growing linear growth factorIts Wronskian with is , so the modes are independent. The limits are during matter domination and in a curvature-dominated universe. Multiplying by normalizes the early mode to . Negative spatial curvature of an FLRW universe thus stops late linear amplification even though the model contains no dark energy.
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