Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2006 / iii / Paper 45 / 1 / b / ii / Solution

Without genotyping error, the observed genetic marker genotype is a deterministic function $u(g)$ of the underlying phase-known genotype. In particular $u$ can forget chromosome phase and parental origin. ThereforeSeveral different phased haplotype pairs can receive factor 1 when the observed multilocus genotype is unphased. With laboratory error, missing alleles or uncertain calls, replace the indicator by an error or observation model. A wholly unobserved genetic marker contributes factor 1. Thus a 0-or-1 factor reflects perfect observation of a deterministic genetic marker state, not a general property of every genetic measurement.