Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2015 / iii / Paper 10 / 1 / 3

For a radial function, the Laplacian is $\Delta \varphi ={\varphi }_{rr}+2{\varphi }_r/r$. Introduce the retarded and advanced null coordinates and the radial reduction of the three-dimensional wave equation:The chain rule gives ${\partial }_t={\partial }_u+{\partial }_v$ and ${\partial }_r=-{\partial }_u+{\partial }_v$. Consequently the inhomogeneous wave equation isMultiplying the radial wave equation by $r$ removes its first-order radial derivative:Thus the particularly useful retarded and advanced null coordinates form isThese formulas hold for $r>0$. At the axis, smooth spherical symmetry imposes ${\varphi }_r(t,0)=0$ and $w(t,0)=0$; equivalently $w$ has a smooth odd extension across $r=0$.