Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2016 / iii / Paper 323 / 5 / 2 / Solution

Choose $P_X$ uniform on ${\mathcal{A}}_M$ and zero outside it, so the marginal density operator of $Q$ is ${\bar{\rho }}_Q=k^{-1}{\sum }_m\rho (m{)}_Q$. Define the binary test for quantum decoding success byEach $E(m)$ is a positive contraction. The computational basis blocks of $F(0)$ are these effects on ${\mathcal{A}}_M$ and zero elsewhere. Thus $0\le F(0)\le I$, making $F$ a POVM on the whole space, including labels outside ${\mathcal{A}}_M$.

On the correlated classical-quantum state, its acceptance probability isOn the product of the marginal density operators,since ${\sum }_{m}E(m)=I_Q$. The two requested probabilities are therefore $1-ϵ$ and $1/k$. In the notation for binary output density operators, the measurement channel sends the joint input to $\omega [ϵ]$ and the product input to $\omega [1-1/k]$; their parameters describe outcome one, not outcome zero.