Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2017 / iii / Paper 121 / 1 / i

For parameters $a_1,\dots ,a_n\in M$, set-theoretic absoluteness means agreement of the two membership first-order structures:This must hold for every such parameter tuple. Equivalently, formula relativization to a class produces two formulas ${\phi }^M$ and ${\phi }^N$ whose truth values agree on tuples from $M$. Agreement for parameters only in $N\setminus M$ is not part of the definition. For a proper class in set theory, this notation is understood separately for each fixed first-order formula, rather than as an unrestricted truth predicate for the entire universe.