Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2018 / iii / Paper 301 / 2 / v

Use the free Hamiltonian operator and the canonical commutation relations. The kinetic momentum term givesThe Heisenberg picture equation therefore yields ${\dot{\varphi }}_1={\pi }_1$.

For the momentum commutator, the mass term gives $i{m}_1^2{\varphi }_1(\mathbf{x})$. The gradient term giveswhere integration by parts differentiates the field instead of the Dirac delta distribution. ThusCombining the two first-order operator equations gives the Klein-Gordon equation:Suitable decay or spatial smearing removes the boundary term in the integration by parts.