Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 1 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2025 / Paper 1 / 20 / c

For $a=b=1$, the stationary points found in parts (a) and (b) have temperatures $0$, $1$, $1/4$ and $1/5$. The unit sphere is compact and $T$ is a continuous function, so the extreme value theorem ensures that a hottest point exists; it must be one of those stationary points. ThusFor a direct bound, put $s=x^2\in [0,1]$. The identity $(y^2-z^2{)}^2\ge 0$ gives $y^2{z}^2\le (y^2+z^2{)}^2/4=(1-s{)}^2/4$, andsince $1-s^2-(1-s{)}^2/4=(1-s)(5s+3)/4\ge 0$. Equality forces $s=1$, giving exactly the two points above.