Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 2 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2008 / Paper 1 / 10

For nonzero $y$ with $G[y]>0$, the first variation of the Rayleigh quotient under $y\mapsto y+\epsilon h$ isChoose fixed admissible homogeneous boundary conditions that make the variation boundary term vanish, such as zero endpoint values or zero endpoint derivatives. Compactly supported $h$ then show that a stationary function satisfies the Sturm-Liouville equation with $\lambda =\Lambda [y]$. Conversely an eigenfunction satisfying those admissible conditions makes the variation zero. Multiplying its differential equation by $y$ and integrating by parts givesso the stipulated energy boundary term yields $\Lambda [y]=\lambda$. The displayed energy condition alone is not a full specification of the admissible variations; it must be paired with boundary conditions for this variational equivalence.

For the final Dirichlet problem take the trial function $y=\sin x$, with $p=1,q=0,w=x$. ThenThe Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle makes this an upper bound for the lowest eigenvalue. It is strictly above the true value: equality would require $\sin x$ itself to be a lowest eigenfunction, but $y^{\prime \prime }+\lambda xy=(-1+\lambda x)\sin x$ cannot vanish throughout $(0,\pi )$ for a constant $\lambda$. ThereforeAlthough the weight vanishes at the left endpoint, it is positive in the interior and its weighted quadratic norm is positive for every nonzero admissible continuous function; this does not obstruct the stated Dirichlet variational comparison.