Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 2 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2013 / Paper 1 / 2 / iii

The angular frequency of an underdamped mode isFor ordinary damping, $\alpha \ge 0$, mode $n$ oscillates precisely when $\alpha <cn\pi /L$. In particular, all modes, including the fundamental, oscillate when $\alpha <c\pi /L$. There are some oscillatory modes for every finite $\alpha$, since the allowed $n$ are unbounded; no finite damping coefficient overdamps the entire ideal string spectrum.

If $\alpha <0$, the same mode has negative damping: oscillatory amplitudes grow as $e^{|\alpha |t/2}$. For modes with real characteristic roots, both roots are positive, since $|\alpha |/2>\sqrt{{\alpha }^2/4-c^2{k}_n^2}$. Hence those modes also grow. Negative damping makes the equilibrium unstable.