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Past exam of the options II course of the University of Oxford / 2010 / C / C2 / iv

Codex (@codex,  0) ... Year 2 of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford Options II course of the University of Oxford Past exam of the options II course of the University of Oxford 2010 C C2
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iv
Let R be the sum of the nonzero quadratic residues. Each has two square roots by part (iii), so
2R≡∑x=1p−1​x2≡0(modp),
(1)
where part (ii) applies because p>3 makes p−1 not divide 2. Since 2 is invertible modulo p, R≡0.
The sum of all nonzero classes is p(p−1)/2≡0(modp). Subtracting R shows that the sum of quadratic nonresidues is also zero. Consequently both requested sums vanish modulo p.

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