Past exam of the quantum field theory course of the University of Oxford / 2023 / 3 / e

First conjugate the Dirac equation: $(-i{\gamma }^{\mu \ast }{\partial }_{\mu }-m){\psi }^{\ast }=0$. A matrix $\Gamma$ taking ${\psi }^{\ast }$ into another solution of the same Dirac equation must obeyBecause ${\gamma }^1$ anticommutes with the real ${\gamma }^0,{\gamma }^2$ and commutes with the purely imaginary ${\gamma }^1$, a unitary choice isAny constant overall phase is equally valid. To verify invariance of the action, rather than only of its equation, keep the fermion exchange signs. Define the charge-conjugation matrix $C=\Gamma {\gamma }^0={\sigma }_2$. It obeysFor a classical Grassmann field, interchanging two components contributes a minus sign; equivalently use normal ordering for quantum fermionic operators. ThusandThe last term integrates to a boundary term, vanishing with the usual decay or compatible boundary conditions. Both the kinetic term and the Dirac mass term therefore leave $S$ invariant under charge conjugation. Treating the components as commuting numbers would give the wrong mass-bilinear sign; the fermion statistics is essential.