For the requested Int-typed operation, remove the first element as well as its later multiples:
sieve :: [Int] -> [Int]
sieve [] = []
sieve (p:xs) = [x | x <- xs, x `rem` p /= 0]
On its intended input, p is positive, so the remainder is defined. An arbitrary list headed by zero lies outside this convention.
To enumerate literally all prime numbers, use unbounded Integer arithmetic:
primes :: [Integer]
primes = go [2..]
  where
    go :: [Integer] -> [Integer]
    go [] = []
    go (p:xs) =
      p : go [x | x <- xs, x `rem` p /= 0]
At each stage, the smallest remaining number has no smaller prime divisor and is therefore prime. Removing its larger multiples preserves every later prime and removes any composite number once its least prime divisor is processed. Lazy evaluation makes each requested finite prefix available. This implements the given repeated-filtering form of the sieve of Eratosthenes. A bounded Int stream can only cover representable values; Integer supplies the all-primes interpretation.

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