Patient management: acute exposure, supportive care and specialist consultation concerning chelation.
Black stools and tongue with bismuth subsalicylate; this modern formulation is not equated with an 1864 recipe.
Side effects: yellow-brown or red-brown urine.
Why is this medication prescribed?: modern cardiac indications.
Volume 9, contemporary serial discussion, especially 6 February, p. 65, iron preparations. No personal byline is established for the cited notice.
Second edition, John Churchill and Sons, 1865. Used for historical observations and the wet hydrated-peroxide procedure, not as authority to import later pharmacopoeial names.
Contemporary first-edition commentary, identified by Wellcome's 1864 catalogue record. Printed pages are three less than the zero-based PDF page index. Strengths and terminology are specific to 1864; some abbreviated numerical entries disagree with the detailed monographs and are not silently reconciled.
Sections 4.1–4.5: indications, contraindications, renal function, electrolyte disturbances and interactions.
Contemporary clinical discussion, including the medicinal-treatment discussion on pp. 411–413. Historical evidence of disagreement over opium, stimulation and prognosis.
Edinburgh Medical Journal 7(1), July 1861, pp.13–20. Original pre-examination report of severe gastric injury and perforation; a particular case, not an invariant post-mortem pattern.
Original case report; renal biopsy showed tubular injury with refractile calcium oxalate crystals. The case does not establish that every exposure produces hypocalcaemia. Indexed full text was available; direct retrieval intermittently displayed a browser-verification page.
Journal of Clinical Pathology 20(3), pp.283–285. Original investigation of five patients following oxalic acid or ethylene-glycol poisoning; primary indexed abstract: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5602563/. Used for later biochemical evidence, not attributed to 1864.
International Chemical Safety Card: corrosive ingestion, acute symptoms and possible effects on calcium balance.
Clinical practice guideline, “Background” and “History and Physical Examination”: muscarinic receptor antagonism and central/peripheral signs. Used for present scientific interpretation of belladonna toxicity.
Institutional description of symptoms, including severe disturbance of consciousness and breathing; used for present medical comparison.
Contemporary review, section Processes for obtaining Hydrocyanic Acid: ferrocyanide and sulfuric-acid distillation, volatility and strength variability.
Inorganic arsenic, acute and chronic effects, carcinogenicity.
Opioids, respiratory depression and overdose prevention and response.
Volume 52, pp. 102–106, especially p. 105, numbered list of historical inhalation drugs and reservoir concentrations. These are reports of period practice, including corrosive and toxic agents.
Lecture delivered 1 December 1865; printed February 1866, pp. 76–81. Used as contemporary evidence of disputed opiate practice, not as a current therapeutic recommendation.
14 January 1865, p. 31. Contemporary disagreement over local blistering and the evidential limitations of small uncontrolled case series.
American edition, William Wood, with British entries distinguished from bracketed United States additions. The preface dates the underlying British revision to May 1864. Edition and contents. Posological table and preparation strengths. Historical doses describe period practice, not current prescribing.
Evidence and Safety: low quality of much efficacy research, and harms including burns, scars, infection and anaemia from repeated wet cupping. Used to qualify the ancient absolute claim of harmlessness.
Emergency Response Safety and Health Database. Signs/Symptoms, especially ingestion and delayed effects. Used to distinguish early gastrointestinal injury, apparent improvement and later systemic toxicity.
Official toxicological overview, updated 11 November 2024. Acute ingestion, inhalation, corrosive effects and systemic complications.
Institutional primary chemical data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cited Physical Description, Symptoms and Target Organs; modern hazard corroboration, not a historical exposure standard.
Digitized original: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/British_pharmacopoeia_%28electronic_resource%29_%28IA_b20405558%29.pdf
Cited primary monograph: Morphiæ Hydrochloras, Characters and Tests, pp. 93–94. Its facsimile is reproduced on PDF page 37 of the 2022 Hong Kong Society for Quality presentation; the indexed visual description of that reproduction was inspected. The original whole PDF exceeded the browser retrieval limit. The 1864 edition is kept distinct from the 1867 edition; no later pharmaceutical recipe is substituted.
OSAC-developed identification criteria document hosted by NIST. Cited for analytical specificity, not represented as the latest edition of a legal requirement.
Contemporary review, October 1866, 38(76), pp.452–456; running heading used here. Pages 454–455 quote experimental conclusions on frogs, cardiac arrest and gastric-extract interference.
Royal Society Archives AP/47/2, 1865, describes original reference and extract experiments. Published abstract: doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1865.0050. The archival description, not an uninspected full manuscript, is cited for experimental scope.
Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal 8(1), 3 April 1844, pp.3–5. Primary report; historical analytical controls and tests. Its speculative mechanism of the copper reaction is not adopted.
UKPID monograph, revision 28 January 1998. Clinical features, management and limited evidence for chelation. The dated source is not represented as a modern randomized treatment trial or an 1866 protocol.
Health Effects of Mercury Exposure, Elemental Mercury: little absorption on swallowing liquid metal compared with ready absorption of vapour. The contrast is relevant to interpreting historical treatment and does not validate it.
New England Journal of Medicine 336, pp. 525–533. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; main-trial mortality and hospitalization outcomes. The population and background therapy limit extrapolation.
William Withering; title page and dated Preface establish the edition. Preface and Effects, Rules, and Cautions give the clinical method and toxicity observations. Historical evidence, not a current dosing guide.
Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society report abstract, Edinburgh Medical Journal 10, pp. 185–192. Physiological effects, administration and surgical contraindications. Contemporary report of the committee position: Medical Circular, 13 July 1864, p. 27, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Medical_Circular_%28IA_medicalcircular23londuoft%29.pdf . Its safety judgements are historical, not current anaesthesia guidance.
Regulatory label, especially sections 4 and 5. Cited for established pharmacological hazards and contraindications, with present clinical context supplied by MedlinePlus and NICE; not a historical 1866 recipe.
Warnings, precautions and adverse effects.
Composition and antidiarrhoeal mechanism.
August 1866 republication of Benjamin Ward Richardson's account. The introductory editorial note says an extract had appeared in the May issue. Apparatus details were inspected in indexed original text; its historical account of sensation is not adopted as current neuroscience.
Official account of sources, symptoms and the odourless character of carbon monoxide.
Clinical case discussion; questions 1–3 explain glycine receptor action and comparison with tetanus.
Chemical fact sheet; “How it works” and “Signs and symptoms”.
Health Canada regulatory product information, “Action and clinical pharmacology”, p. 9: local osmotic mechanism and minimal absorption of polyethylene glycol 3350.
“Why is this medication prescribed?” describes osmotic retention of water in stool.
Official label; §§5.2 and 12.1–12.3 distinguish local skin reactions, the unknown mechanism of clinical action, and measured systemic exposure.
NDA 212905, §5.3, Primary pharmacology, p. 32. Describes cantharidin as a vesicant and the associated acantholysis.
12th edition, 2024, monograph “Quinine sulfate (Quinini sulfas)”. Current standard used only for the explicit historical-versus-current comparison.
Public-domain contemporary notice, July 1867, volume 13, issue 1, p. 99. Records the three Gazette notices of 14 June 1867.
Background: impairment of oxygen use. Used for mechanism only.
Public-domain primary source: London, Spottiswoode, 1867. The linked edition is the original 1867 issue; the additions of 1874 are not included.
Institutional emergency-response information. Cited sections: Agent Characteristics, odour and exposure hazards. Used only to qualify the historical analytical account.
Published under the direction of the General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom. This is the contemporary 1867 edition, not a modern pharmacopoeial recipe. The title, publisher and year are verified by the scan catalogue: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_pharmacop%C5%93ia,_1867_(electronic_resource)_(IA_b21687298).pdf.
Inspected text: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/British_pharmacopoeia_-_1867_%28IA_b21695180%29.pdf. Printed pp. 13–14, Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum: identity, two-percent strength, mixed iron-salt test and silver assays. Printed p. 65, Calx Chlorata: production, appearance and useful oxidizing strength.
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