A properly discontinuous group action by isometries of a finitely generated group on a complete -dimensional Riemannian manifold of nonnegative Ricci curvature yields the displayed group growth bound. Distinct orbit points are uniformly separated, while a word of length moves a basepoint by at most . Pack disjoint equal-volume small balls about the orbit points into and apply the Bishop-Gromov inequality. A finite point stabilizer contributes its order to the bound; freeness is unnecessary.
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