Let be the valuation ring of a complete non-Archimedean valued field whose residue field has characteristic , and let . For a one-dimensional formal group law over , repeated addition gives with . Hence . The series converges for because its coefficients are bounded and .
For and , choose . The values remain in the ball , so . Associativity identifies . The argument also works in equal characteristic , where the linear coefficient vanishes, and does not require a discrete valuation. It proves contraction of prime-power multiplication near the formal identity without assuming a characteristic-zero formal logarithm.

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