A homeomorphism of the boundary of a closed square extends to a homeomorphism of by fixing its centre and setting for and . Each noncentral point lies on a unique ray from meeting the boundary once, so the formula is well defined and its inverse is obtained from . Both maps are continuous off the centre by the radial parametrization, and at the centre because their distances from are bounded by times the radius of the square. It follows that complements of any two closed boundary arcs are homeomorphic: first map the arcs to one another by a boundary homeomorphism, then extend radially.

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