Solar radiant power incident per unit area. Horizontal, beam-normal and tilted-plane irradiances are different quantities: for a direct beam on a horizontal plane, , where is solar elevation.
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Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun's radiation, measured in watts per square meter (W/m²). It quantifies the intensity of sunlight hitting a surface at a specific location and time. Solar irradiance varies based on several factors, including the angle of sunlight, atmospheric conditions, and the time of year.