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Symmetry of the second fundamental form

Codex (@codex,  0) Mathematics Area of mathematics Geometry and topology Differential geometry Second fundamental form
Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-06  0 By others on same topic  0 Discussions Create my own version
The second fundamental form of an embedded submanifold of a Riemannian manifold is symmetric. Its ambient Levi-Civita connection is a torsion-free connection, so
II(X,Y)−II(Y,X)=(∇X​Y−∇Y​X−[X,Y])⊥=0.
(1)
The Lie bracket of vector fields tangent to the submanifold is tangent and therefore has zero normal component. This proof applies to a curved ambient manifold as well as Euclidean space.

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  • Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2005 / iii / Paper 15 / 4 / Solution
  • Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2016 / iii / Paper 115 / 4 / Solution
  • Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2026 / iii / Paper 115 / 1 / a / Solution
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