Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) is a system for representing chemical structures using a linear string of characters. Developed by the American chemist Robert Wiswesser in the 1960s, the primary purpose of WLN is to provide a compact and unambiguous way to encode chemical information, especially suited for computer processing and database management.

Proportional control is a fundamental concept in control systems and automation. It refers to a type of feedback control mechanism that adjusts the output of a system based on the proportional difference (error) between a desired setpoint and the measured process variable (current state of the system). ### Key Features of Proportional Control: 1. **Error Calculation**: The controller calculates the error by taking the difference between the desired value (setpoint) and the actual value (process variable).

A distributed parameter system (DPS) is a type of system in which the state variables depend on both time and one or more spatial variables. This contrasts with lumped parameter systems, where the state variables depend only on time and are often represented by ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In distributed parameter systems, the governing equations typically involve partial differential equations (PDEs), as they account for variations across spatial dimensions.

Minimal realization is a concept in control theory and systems engineering that refers to the simplest or most efficient representation of a dynamical system that can reproduce the same input-output behavior as the original system. In particular, a minimal realization is characterized by having the smallest number of states (or state variables) necessary to describe the system while retaining its essential dynamic properties.

A Networked Control System (NCS) refers to a control system where the components are connected through a communication network rather than being directly linked by wired connections. In such systems, control loops are executed over a digital communication network, which can include wired and wireless technologies. ### Key Characteristics of Networked Control Systems: 1. **Distributed Nature:** - Components such as sensors, controllers, and actuators are distributed and can be located in different physical locations.

Obstacle avoidance refers to the set of techniques and strategies used to prevent collision with obstacles in the environment. This concept is used in various fields, including robotics, autonomous vehicles, drones, and computer games. The objective is to enable a moving entity—such as a robot, vehicle, or even a virtual character in a game—to navigate through an environment safely and efficiently, avoiding any objects that may impede its path.

Repetitive control is a control strategy used primarily in control systems and automation that focuses on improving the performance of systems when subjected to repetitive tasks or periodic disturbances. This approach is particularly useful in scenarios where the same input or set of conditions is encountered repeatedly, allowing for the system to learn from past experiences and adjust its responses accordingly. ### Key Features of Repetitive Control: 1. **Periodicity**: Repetitive control is highly effective for systems that experience periodic inputs or disturbances.

The Schmidt-Kalman filter is an extension of the Kalman filter designed to handle situations where the system dynamics or measurement processes involve nonlinearities, particularly when the state space can be divided into linear and nonlinear components. It is typically used in scenarios where standard linear Kalman filtering is not sufficient due to the presence of nonlinear transformations. The Schmidt filter itself is often associated with the context of tracking and navigation, particularly in aerospace applications.

The separation principle is a concept that can be applied in various fields, including control theory, economics, and decision-making processes. Here are some prominent interpretations of the separation principle based on different contexts: 1. **Control Theory**: In control theory, the separation principle refers to the idea that the control design process can be separated from the state estimation process.

Subspace identification methods are a set of techniques used in system identification, particularly for modeling dynamic systems based on measured input-output data. These methods are notable for their ability to handle large datasets and provide efficient and reliable estimates of the system's state-space representation.

Transient response refers to the behavior of a system as it reacts to a change in its input or initial conditions before reaching a steady state. In engineering, particularly in control systems and signal processing, the transient response is critical in analyzing how a system responds over time to inputs such as step functions, impulse functions, or other time-varying signals.

Information geometry is a field of study that combines concepts from differential geometry and information theory. It primarily deals with the geometrical structures that can be defined on the space of probability distributions. The key ideas in information geometry involve using techniques from differential geometry to analyze and understand statistical models and information-theoretic concepts. Here are some of the main components of information geometry: 1. **Manifolds of Probability Distributions**: The space of probability distributions can often be treated as a differential manifold.

Entropic gravity is a theoretical framework that attempts to explain gravity not as a fundamental force, but as an emergent phenomenon arising from the statistical behavior of microscopic degrees of freedom in a system, particularly in the context of thermodynamics and information theory. The concept was notably developed by physicist Erik Verlinde in a paper published in 2011. According to this viewpoint, gravity emerges from the entropy associated with the information of the positions of matter.

An interference channel is a type of communication channel in information theory that models a situation where multiple transmitters send messages to multiple receivers, and the signals from these transmitters interfere with each other. In a typical interference channel setup, we have: - Multiple sources (transmitters) that want to communicate simultaneously. - Multiple sinks (receivers) that need to decode the messages sent by the transmitters.

The Incompressibility Method is a mathematical approach primarily used in the field of fluid dynamics and certain areas of applied mathematics. It often pertains to the analysis of incompressible fluid flows where the density of the fluid remains constant, which is a common assumption in many fluid mechanics problems.

David Hykes is an American musician, composer, and sound researcher, known primarily for his work in the field of vocal harmonics and overtone singing. He is particularly recognized for his role in developing and popularizing the practice of overtone singing in the West. Hykes combines elements from different musical traditions, including Tibetan Buddhist chant, with contemporary music styles. One of his notable contributions is the founding of the Harmonic Choir, through which he explores and performs the art of overtone singing.

It seems like there may be a typo or misunderstanding in the name "Vladimir Oidupaa," as there isn't any widely recognized figure or concept by that name as of my last update in October 2023.

A bat detector is a specialized device used to detect and analyze the ultrasonic vocalizations of bats. Bats communicate and navigate using echolocation, emitting high-frequency sounds that are often above the range of human hearing (typically 20 kHz to 200 kHz). Bat detectors convert these high-frequency sounds into lower frequencies that can be heard and analyzed by humans.