The Markstein number is a dimensionless quantity used in the study of combustion, particularly in the analysis of flame stability and propagation. It is defined as the ratio of the perturbation velocity of a combustion front to the rate of change of the flame's position. The Markstein number provides insight into the stability of a flame; specifically, it helps in assessing how changes in flame speed can affect the behavior of the flame in a given environment.

The term "composite cross population" typically refers to a breeding strategy used in animal or plant genetics, particularly in agricultural contexts. It involves crossing multiple populations or breeds to create a new population that combines desirable traits from each of the original populations. Here’s a more detailed breakdown: 1. **Composite**: This indicates that the resulting population is made up of individuals from various parent populations. The goal is to introduce genetic diversity and robustness within the new population.

During World War II, the German Army employed a variety of cryptographic systems to secure their communications. One of the most notable systems was the use of the Enigma machine. Here are some key points about German Army cryptographic systems during this period: 1. **Enigma Machine**: - The Enigma was an electro-mechanical rotor cipher machine used by the German military. It was designed to create a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.

In 1993, the field of computers was rapidly evolving, and several significant developments and trends were shaping the landscape of technology. Here are some key aspects of computer-related introductions and developments during that year: 1. **The Rise of the Internet**: In 1993, the Internet began to gain wider public attention. The release of the Mosaic web browser in April 1993 enabled users to easily access and navigate the World Wide Web.

In 2013, several significant advancements and trends in computer technology and related fields emerged. Here are some notable introductions and developments from that year: 1. **Cloud Computing**: Cloud services were becoming increasingly popular in 2013, with providers like Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud expanding their offerings. Businesses started shifting towards cloud-based solutions for storage, software, and infrastructure.

"German plasma physicists" refers to scientists and researchers in Germany who specialize in the study of plasma physics. Plasma physics is the branch of physics that deals with the properties and behavior of plasma, which is a state of matter consisting of charged particles, including ions and electrons. This area of study has various applications, including in fusion energy research, astrophysics, space physics, and industrial processes.

"Computing and society" refers to the interdisciplinary study and analysis of the interactions between computing technologies and societal structures, values, and practices. This field explores how advancements in computing (such as software development, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity) influence various aspects of life, including social relationships, economy, culture, ethics, and governance.

Lipschitz maps (or Lipschitz continuous functions) are a class of functions that satisfy a specific type of continuity condition, known as the Lipschitz condition.

Conceptual Dependency Theory is a model developed in the 1970s by Roger Schank as part of his work in artificial intelligence and natural language processing. The theory aims to represent the meaning of sentences in a structured and consistent way by focusing on the underlying concepts rather than the specific words used.

Conditional proof is a method used in logic and mathematics to establish the validity of an implication (a conditional statement of the form "If P, then Q"). The technique involves assuming the antecedent (the part before the "then") of the conditional statement and then deriving the consequent (the part after the "then") from that assumption.

The Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata (CIAA) is an academic conference that focuses on the theory, implementation, and applications of automata and formal languages. Automata are mathematical models of computation that are used to design and analyze algorithms and systems in computer science.

Conflict-free coloring is a concept in combinatorial geometry and graph theory that relates to assigning colors to elements (often points in a geometric space or vertices in a graph) in such a way that certain criteria regarding "conflicts" are satisfied. The principal idea is to ensure that in any given region or subset, at least one point or vertex retains a unique color that is not shared by any other point or vertex within that specific subset.

Summability methods are mathematical techniques used to assign values to certain divergent series or to improve the convergence of convergent series. These methods are crucial in various areas of mathematics, including analysis, number theory, and numerical mathematics. The idea behind summability is to provide a way to assign a meaningful value or limit to series that do not converge in the traditional sense. Several types of summability methods exist, each with its own specific approach and areas of application.

A conjecture is an educated guess or a proposition that is believed to be true based on preliminary evidence or reasoning, but has yet to be proven or substantiated. In mathematics, for example, a conjecture is a statement that appears to be true because of observed patterns or numerical evidence, but it requires a formal proof to be accepted as a theorem. Conjectures play a crucial role in the development of mathematical theories, as they often lead to further research and exploration.

Conservation and restoration of new media art refer to the practices and methodologies aimed at preserving and maintaining contemporary artworks that utilize digital technologies, electronic components, and time-based media. Unlike traditional art forms such as painting and sculpture, new media art often relies on software, hardware, and changing technologies, which present unique challenges for conservation and preservation. ### Key Aspects of Conservation and Restoration of New Media Art 1.

A Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator (CAPPI) is a type of radar display used in meteorology and aviation. It provides a two-dimensional horizontal view of atmospheric phenomena, such as precipitation, at a constant altitude. This capability allows meteorologists and pilots to analyze weather conditions without the interference of varying altitudes.

The constrained generalized inverse is a concept in linear algebra and numerical analysis that extends the idea of the generalized inverse (or pseudo-inverse) of a matrix to situations where certain constraints must be satisfied. It is particularly useful in scenarios where the matrix is not invertible or when we want to find a solution that meets specific criteria. ### Generalized Inverse To understand the constrained generalized inverse, it's helpful to first know what a generalized inverse is.

In mathematics, a **continuant** refers to a specific type of determinant that is used to represent certain kinds of polynomial identities, particularly those related to continued fractions. The concept of a continuant can be seen as a generalization of the determinant of a matrix associated with a sequence of numbers.

The Contract Adjustment Board (CAB) is typically a governmental or administrative body established to review and resolve disputes between contractors and government agencies regarding the terms and execution of contracts. This can include matters such as delays, changes in contract terms, or any disagreements that arise during the performance of a contract.

The convex conjugate, also known as the Legendre-Fenchel transform, is a concept in convex analysis and optimization that is used to transform a convex function into another function.