"The New Science" is commonly associated with the work of the Italian philosopher and poet Giambattista Vico. His major work, titled "Scienza Nuova" (translated as "The New Science"), was first published in 1725 and later revised in several editions. In this book, Vico presents a theory of history and culture, arguing that human societies develop in predictable stages and that history is shaped by human actions and ideas, rather than by divine intervention or natural laws.

The Speculative Society is a student-led organization at the University of Edinburgh, founded in 1764. It is one of the oldest debating societies in the world. The Society encourages intellectual discourse, critical thinking, and public speaking skills among its members through debates, discussions, and various events. Members of The Speculative Society engage in a range of activities, including regular debates on topical issues, guest speakers, and social events.

Antiptosis is a term that is not commonly used in medical or scientific literature, and it may refer to a very specific concept, technique, or idea within a specialized field. It is possible that it could be a typographical error or misinterpretation of a more familiar term.

Antithetic parallelism is a literary and rhetorical structure commonly found in poetry, particularly in biblical texts and other forms of ancient literature. It involves the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas or themes within a parallel structure. This means that two lines or clauses are presented in a way that highlights their opposition to one another. In this type of parallelism, the first line typically asserts a certain idea, while the second line presents a counter or opposing idea.

"Aphelia" is not a widely recognized term in the field of rhetoric or literary studies, at least as of my knowledge cut-off in October 2021. It's possible that "aphelia" might refer to a specific concept within a more niche scholarly discussion, or it could be a typographical or conceptual error. In rhetoric, terms like "aphorism," "anaphora," or "analogy" are more commonly used.

The "dead cat bounce" is a financial market term that refers to a temporary recovery in the price of an asset after a substantial decline, before the price resumes its downward trend. The phrase is based on the idea that even a dead cat will bounce if it falls from a great height, suggesting that even a severely falling asset can experience a brief uptick before continuing to decline.

An apologue is a moral fable or a story that conveys a lesson or moral message, often featuring animals as characters. The term is commonly associated with the fables of ancient Greek storytellers like Aesop, where the narrative illustrates a specific ethical lesson. Apologues can take the form of short stories, parables, or allegories, and are used in literature and oratory to teach values, wisdom, or ethical principles.

The term "aporia" has several meanings depending on the context in which it is used: 1. **Philosophical Context**: In philosophy, particularly in the works of Plato, "aporia" refers to a state of puzzlement or doubt. It often arises in discussions that reveal contradictions or challenges to one's understanding of a concept. Plato uses aporia to encourage deeper inquiry and philosophical questioning.

Aposiopesis is a rhetorical device characterized by the intentional breaking off of a sentence or a sudden halt in the middle of a speech or writing, often leaving it incomplete. This technique is used to convey strong emotions, create suspense, or indicate that the speaker is overwhelmed or unable to continue. It can also convey a sense of urgency or emphasize what has been left unsaid.

Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two noun phrases are placed side by side, with one noun phrase serving to further define or explain the other. The two elements in apposition usually refer to the same thing, and often, the second noun phrase provides additional information, such as an explanation, description, or specification. For example, in the sentence "My brother, a skilled guitarist, plays in a band," the phrase "a skilled guitarist" is in apposition to "my brother.

Aretalogy is a term that refers to the study or exploration of virtues, particularly in the context of ethical philosophy. It derives from the Greek word "aretē," which means "virtue" or "excellence." Aretalogy involves examining the nature of virtues, their significance, and how they can be cultivated or practiced in daily life. In philosophical discussions, especially those rooted in virtue ethics, aretalogy emphasizes the importance of character and moral virtues in achieving a good and meaningful life.

Ars dictaminis, often translated as "the art of letter writing," was a significant aspect of medieval education that focused on the composition of formal letters and documents. Developed during the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th century, it became an essential skill for clerics, officials, and those involved in administrative tasks. The Ars dictaminis encompassed the principles and conventions for writing various types of letters, including those of request, complaint, advice, and even personal correspondence.

In rhetoric, a colon is a punctuation mark (:) that is used to introduce a list, an explanation, or a quotation that follows directly from the preceding clause. It serves to signal to the reader that what comes next will elaborate on or clarify the information given before the colon. For example: - "She has three favorite hobbies: reading, painting, and hiking." - "He made one critical mistake: he underestimated his opponent.

In rhetoric, a "comma" typically refers to the punctuation mark used in writing to indicate a pause in a sentence, separate elements, or clarify meaning.

Atticism refers to a style of writing or speech that is characterized by clarity, brevity, and elegance, often associated with the literature of ancient Athens. The term is derived from "Attica," the region of ancient Greece that includes Athens, which was known for its cultural and intellectual achievements. The style of Atticism emphasizes precise expression and an avoidance of excess or ornamentation, in contrast to more elaborate forms of rhetoric prevalent in other regions.

Bdelygmia is a term that originates from the Greek word "bdelygma," which means "abomination" or "disgust." In a rhetorical context, it refers to a figure of speech that involves the expression of contempt or disdain toward a subject, often through vehement or scathing criticism. Bdelygmia can be used in literature, speeches, and debates to emphasize strong emotional rejection and to convey moral outrage or disapproval.

The Belgrade Competition in Oratory is a prestigious public speaking competition that typically attracts participants from various countries. It focuses on cultivating oratory skills and providing a platform for young speakers to showcase their abilities in argumentation, persuasion, and presentation. The competition may include various formats of speeches, such as prepared speeches, impromptu speaking, and debate-style presentations. Participants are often judged on criteria such as clarity, creativity, eloquence, and the effectiveness of their arguments.

Bloviation refers to the act of speaking or writing at great length in a verbose or inflated manner, often without much substance or clarity. It usually implies a certain level of arrogance or self-importance in the way the speaker presents information, emphasizing style over substance. The term is often used in a critical context to describe political speeches, media commentary, or public discourse that is characterized by excessive wordiness and grandstanding, rather than meaningful content or straightforward communication.

Burlesque is a theatrical art form that combines elements of comedy, dance, and music, often with a focus on satire and parody. Historically, it originated in the 19th century as a form of entertainment that mocked and exaggerated social conventions, literary works, and high culture. Burlesque performers frequently use costumes, props, and exaggerated characterizations to entertain audiences.

Byzantine rhetoric refers to the style and practice of rhetoric as it developed and was utilized in the Byzantine Empire, which lasted from approximately the 4th century to the 15th century. This form of rhetoric was heavily influenced by classical Greek rhetoric, particularly the works of Aristotle, Cicero, and other classical rhetoricians, but it also evolved in response to the unique cultural, political, and religious context of Byzantium.