Interdisciplinary peer review refers to the evaluation process of academic work, research, or proposals by experts from multiple disciplines rather than just from a single field of study. This approach is becoming increasingly important as research problems have grown more complex and often require insights and methodologies from various domains to address them effectively.

The Meta-Research Center at Tilburg University focuses on the methodology and infrastructure of research, aiming to improve the standards and practices of scientific research. It is dedicated to the study of the research process itself, including the evaluation of research quality, reproducibility, and transparency in scientific findings. The center often engages in interdisciplinary work, collaborating with various fields to address issues related to research practices and to promote better scientific methods.

Provenance refers to the history of ownership or origin of an object, artifact, or piece of information. It provides a chronological record of the ownership and custody of an item, which can be crucial in various fields such as art, archeology, history, and data management. Understanding provenance helps establish authenticity, assess value, and provide transparency regarding the lineage of an object or information.

The Science of Team Science (SciTS) is an interdisciplinary field that examines the processes, dynamics, and outcomes associated with collaborative scientific research efforts. It seeks to understand how teams work together effectively to achieve scientific goals and to identify best practices for enhancing team performance in research contexts. Key aspects of this field include: 1. **Collaboration Dynamics**: SciTS explores how team members from diverse disciplines, backgrounds, and expertise collaborate, communicate, and interact.

Scientific dissent refers to disagreement or alternative viewpoints within the scientific community regarding theories, interpretations, methodologies, or findings. This can occur at various levels, from questioning specific experimental results to challenging widely accepted theories. Dissent is an essential aspect of the scientific process, as it can lead to further investigation, refinement of ideas, and the advancement of knowledge.

Altruism in ethics refers to the principle or moral framework that emphasizes selfless concern for the well-being of others. It is often contrasted with egoism, which prioritizes one’s own interests. Altruism suggests that individuals have an ethical obligation to act in ways that benefit others, even at a cost to themselves.

Self-experimentation is a research method in which individuals conduct experiments on themselves to gather data, test hypotheses, or explore the effects of various conditions, substances, or interventions. This approach can be particularly useful in fields such as medicine, psychology, and nutrition, where direct experimentation on human subjects may be ethically or logistically challenging.

Structuralism in the philosophy of science is an intellectual movement that emerged primarily in the mid-20th century, influencing various fields including linguistics, anthropology, psychology, and the philosophy of science itself. At its core, structuralism focuses on understanding the structures that underlie all human culture and knowledge rather than concentrating on individual components or elements in isolation.

Data universalism is an approach or philosophy that emphasizes the universality of data, suggesting that data can and should be accessible, interchangeable, and understandable across different systems, platforms, and contexts. The concept revolves around ensuring that data is not limited by proprietary formats or isolated within specific systems, but rather can be utilized and interpreted universally.

Epistemic injustice is a concept that refers to wrongs specifically related to knowledge and understanding, particularly in how individuals or groups are treated in the context of knowledge production, sharing, and recognition. It is often discussed in relation to social power dynamics, where certain voices and perspectives are marginalized or dismissed based on social identities such as race, gender, class, or disability.

Feminist epistemology is a field of study that investigates the ways in which gender influences our understanding of knowledge, the knowing subject, and practices of inquiry and justification. It seeks to challenge and critique traditional epistemological frameworks that have often been dominated by male perspectives, thereby obscuring or marginalizing women's experiences and viewpoints.

Knowledge organization refers to the systematic arrangement, classification, and management of knowledge or information in a way that makes it easy to access, retrieve, and utilize. It encompasses various practices, techniques, and tools used to organize data and information to facilitate understanding, retrieval, and use. Here are some key aspects of knowledge organization: 1. **Classification**: This involves categorizing information into predefined groups or classes based on shared characteristics.

The "sociology of absences" is a concept developed by sociologist Enrique Dussel as part of his broader work on critical sociology, particularly focusing on issues of power, marginalization, and exclusion. This sociological framework explores the ways in which certain voices, perspectives, and experiences are systematically omitted or ignored in social narratives, policies, and academic discourse.

Face validity refers to the extent to which a test, assessment, or measurement appears, at face value, to measure what it claims to measure. It is a subjective judgment based on the appearance of the test and whether it seems to be relevant and appropriate for the construct it is intended to evaluate.

A nomological network is a term used in psychology and related fields to describe a theoretical framework that illustrates how different constructs (such as concepts, variables, or traits) are related to one another. It serves as a way to specify the theoretical relationships among constructs and to clarify the meaning of those constructs by linking them to other relevant variables. The term "nomological" stems from the Greek word "nomos," meaning law, and it refers to the idea of laws governing the relationships between constructs.

The "Enchiridion" (often translated as "Handbook") of Epictetus is a concise manual of practical ethical advice based on the teachings of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus. It was compiled by his student Arrian in the early 2nd century AD and serves as a foundational text in Stoic philosophy. The "Enchiridion" consists of key concepts that emphasize the importance of distinguishing between what is within our control and what is not.

"Horme" can refer to different things depending on the context. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Philosophy**: In philosophical terms, "horme" (from Greek) refers to a concept of impulse or motivation. It's often associated with the drive or desire to act in a certain way.

Neostoicism is a modern philosophical movement that seeks to revive and adapt the ideas of ancient Stoicism to contemporary thought and life. It combines aspects of traditional Stoic philosophy, which emphasizes rationality, self-control, and virtue as a means to achieve a good life, with other philosophical influences and modern concerns.

Prohairesis is a term derived from ancient Greek philosophy, particularly associated with the works of Aristotle. It refers to a concept of moral choice or decision-making, distinguishing it from mere impulse or desire. In essence, prohairesis encompasses the rational, deliberative aspect of choosing one's actions based on values, reason, and ethical considerations. In Aristotle's ethical framework, prohairesis is crucial for understanding virtue and moral responsibility.

Robert Hugh Benson (1871-1914) was an English author and Anglican priest who later converted to Roman Catholicism. He is known for his novels, many of which explore themes of religion, morality, and the supernatural. Benson's writings often reflect his deep interest in spirituality and the struggles between faith and doubt.