FORM is a symbolic manipulation system that is primarily used for algebraic computations, particularly in the context of high-energy physics and theoretical physics. It allows users to perform symbolic operations such as differentiation, expansion, simplification, and generation of tensor algebra expressions. FORM is designed to handle large-scale computations that are often required in particle physics, including calculations related to Feynman diagrams and scattering processes. FORM utilizes a programming language that is optimized for performing mathematical manipulations efficiently.

The HP 49/50 series refers to a line of graphing calculators produced by Hewlett-Packard (HP), specifically the HP 49G, HP 49G+, HP 50G, and related models. These calculators are known for their advanced features and capabilities, making them popular among engineering, mathematics, and science students as well as professionals.

A chess engine is a computer program or software designed to play chess, analyze chess positions, and provide evaluations of moves. Chess engines use algorithms to calculate potential moves and assess their strengths, often employing techniques from artificial intelligence to simulate human-like strategic thinking. Key features of chess engines include: 1. **Move Calculation**: Chess engines evaluate positions and generate a list of possible moves, often calculating many moves ahead (known as "depth").

"Anti-computer tactics" is not a widely recognized term in most technical or academic literature, but it could refer to various strategies or approaches used to counter the influence or capabilities of computers and digital technologies. Here are a few interpretations of what this might involve: 1. **Cybersecurity**: Tactics employed to thwart cyber-attacks and protect against malicious software or unauthorized access to computer systems. This could include firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection systems, and employee training on security best practices.

Computational complexity refers to the analysis of the resources required to solve computational problems. When discussing mathematical operations, computational complexity typically focuses on two primary resources: time (how long it takes to compute a result) and space (how much memory is required). Here are some common mathematical operations and their computational complexities: 1. **Addition and Subtraction**: - Complexity: \(O(n)\), where \(n\) is the number of digits in the numbers being added or subtracted.

The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm for large integers. It is named after its inventors, Christoph Schönhage and Volker Strassen, who introduced it in 1971. The algorithm is significant in computational number theory and computer algebra systems because it offers a way to multiply very large integers more efficiently than the conventional grade-school multiplication method, or even faster than the classical Karatsuba multiplication algorithm.

The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) is a UK-based professional body that represents individuals and organizations involved in the fields of materials science, minerals, and mining. It serves as a key institution for professionals, offering various services such as professional accreditation, networking opportunities, and access to resources aimed at advancing knowledge and practice in these sectors. The IOM3 promotes the importance of materials and minerals in various industries, emphasizing their role in innovation, sustainability, and economic development.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1979. One notable example is **Data General Corporation**, which faced significant challenges and competition during this period. Another example is **Computer Automation**, which was known for its business computers but ultimately went out of business.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1982. One notable example is **Data General**, a major player in the minicomputer market during the 1970s. Although it continued to exist in some capacity beyond 1982, its decline began in earnest after this time, and it struggled to maintain competitiveness against emerging microcomputer technologies. Another example is **Symmetric Computer Systems**, which also faced challenges during this period.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1986, often due to mergers, acquisitions, or market changes. One notable example is **Data General Corporation**, which was a significant player in the minicomputer market before being acquired by EMC Corporation in 1999. Another example includes **Cromemco**, which focused on microcomputer hardware and software in the 1970s and early 1980s but faced challenges as the market shifted.

In 1999, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. While specific details about every company may vary, here are some notable examples of computer-related companies that were disbanded or went out of business in that year: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Originally a major player in the computer industry, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, and by 1999, its brand and it's separate company identity were largely phased out.

In 1993, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business. One notable example is **NeXT**, which was co-founded by Steve Jobs. Although NeXT was officially dissolved in 1997 after being acquired by Apple, it ceased operations in 1993 when it shifted focus from hardware to software development, mainly for the purpose of developing the NeXTSTEP operating system.

Several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business in 2004. Some notable examples include: 1. **Altavista** - Once a leading search engine, Altavista was ultimately absorbed by Yahoo! after its decline in market relevance. 2. **Flic** - Known for its personal digital assistants, Flic ceased operations around this time. 3. **MIPS Computer Systems** - While the MIPS architecture continues to be used, the original MIPS Computer Systems, Inc.

In 2009, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business. Some of the notable ones include: 1. **Sun Microsystems** - Acquired by Oracle Corporation in January 2010, Sun Microsystems was a significant player in the computer hardware and software industry, particularly known for its workstations, servers, and the Solaris operating system.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2017. While I may not have a comprehensive list, here are a few notable examples: 1. **Nokia's Alcatel-Lucent** - Although Nokia acquired Alcatel-Lucent in 2016, the Alcatel-Lucent brand was phased out in 2017 as part of the integration process.

In 2018, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Some notable examples include: 1. **Toshiba's PC Business**: Toshiba Corporation sold off its PC business, leading to the discontinuation of its Dynabook brand in the consumer laptop market. This marked a significant shift in the company's focus from personal computers to more profitable areas.

In 1910, the field of computing was in its infancy, and what we would recognize as computers today did not exist. However, several significant developments were paving the way for future advancements in computing technology.

In the context of the game Go, "Go researchers" typically refers to those individuals engaged in the study and exploration of the game from various perspectives, including its strategies, mathematical characteristics, AI development, and cultural significance. Go is an ancient board game originating from East Asia, well-regarded for its deep strategic complexity despite relatively simple rules. Researchers might focus on: 1. **Game Strategy**: Analysing optimal strategies, tactics, and patterns of play.

Benson's algorithm is a specific algorithm used in the game of Go, particularly for analyzing and evaluating positions. It focuses on the concept of **connected components** of stones and aims to find and manipulate regions on the board to identify advantageous moves or strategies. The primary goal of Benson's algorithm is to determine the connected groups of stones for each player, assessing their strengths and weaknesses.

Claudico is an artificial intelligence program developed by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University. Specifically designed for playing the strategic card game of heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em poker, Claudico was notable for being one of the first AI systems to compete against human professional poker players. In 2015, Claudico participated in a series of matches against top human players as part of a challenge organized by a group of researchers.