There are several choices of electromagnetic four-potential that lead to the same physics.
E.g. thinking about the electric potential alone, you could set the zero anywhere, and everything would remain be the same.
The Lorentz gauge is just one such choice. It is however a very popular one, because it is also manifestly Lorentz invariant.
Same motivation as Galilean invariance, but relativistic version of that: we want the laws of physics to have the same form on all inertial frames, so we really want to write them in a way that is Lorentz covariant.
This is just the relativistic version of that which takes the Lorentz transformation into account instead of just the old Galilean transformation.
Two observers travel at fixed speed relative to each other. They synchronize origins at x=0 and t=0, and their spacial axes are perfectly aligned. This is a subset of the Lorentz group. TODO confirm it does not form a subgroup however.
It would be boring if we could only simulate the same condition all the time, so let's have a look at the different boundary conditions that we can apply to the cell!
We are able to alter things like the composition of the external medium, and the genome of the bacteria, which will make the bacteria behave differently.
The variant selection is a bit cumbersome as we have to use indexes instead of names, but one you know what you are doing, it is fine.
Of course, genetic modification is limited only to experimentally known protein interactions due to the intractability of computational protein folding and computational chemistry in general, solving those would bsai.
Unfortunately, due to lack of one page to rule them all, the on-Git tree publication list is meager, some of the most relevant ones seems to be:
- 2021 open access review paper: journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0001-2020 "The E. coli Whole-Cell Modeling Project". They should just past that stuff in a README :-) The article mentions that it is a follow up to the previous M. genitalium whole cell model by Covert lab. Only 43% of known genes modelled at this point however, a shame.
- 2020 under Science paywall: www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aav3751 "Simultaneous cross-evaluation of heterogeneous E. coli datasets via mechanistic simulation"
www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVV0r6CmEsFw1phnddYWXtVkRW8eUVlqx Edward Teller interview by Web of Stories (1996) Date shown at: www.webofstories.com/play/edward.teller/1. Listener: John H. Nuckolls
Witnessing the test explosion Edward Teller interview by Web of Stories (1996)
Source. Edward Teller, An Early Time
. Source. Comissioned by the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1979. Producer: Mario Balibreraa.- youtu.be/Goim-4MF_uE?t=338; holy fuck he almost cut his foot off on a stupid tram accident!
- youtu.be/Goim-4MF_uE?t=457: he plays the piano
- youtu.be/Goim-4MF_uE?t=965: he drove Szilard to propose to Einstein the Einstein-Szilard letter
OK, there's a billion questions:
- SQL Server
- stackoverflow.com/questions/485409/generating-a-histogram-from-column-values-in-a-database OP did not know the difference between count and histogram :-) But it's the number one Google result.
- stackoverflow.com/questions/19103991/create-range-bins-from-sql-server-table-for-histograms has a minor extra group by twist, but otherwise fine
- stackoverflow.com/questions/16268441/generate-histogram-in-sql-server
- SQLite
- stackoverflow.com/questions/67514208/how-to-optimise-creating-histogram-bins-in-sqlite perf only, benchmarking would be needed. SQLite.
- stackoverflow.com/questions/32155449/create-a-histogram-with-a-dynamic-number-of-partitions-in-sqlite variable bin size, same number of entries per bin
- stackoverflow.com/questions/60348109/histogram-for-time-periods-using-sqlite-regular-buckets-1h-wide time
- MySQL: stackoverflow.com/questions/1764881/getting-data-for-histogram-plot MySQL appears to extend
ROUNDto also round by integers:ROUND(numeric_value, -2), but this is not widely portable which is a shame - stackoverflow.com/questions/72367652/populating-empty-bins-in-a-histogram-generated-using-sql specifically asks about empty bins, which is amazing. Amazon Redshift dialect unfortunately, but answer provided works widely, and Redshift was forked from PostgreSQL, so there's hope. Those newb open source server focused projects that don't use AGPL!
Let's try it on SQLite 3.40.1, Ubuntu 23.04. Data setup:
sqlite3 tmp.sqlite 'create table t(x integer)'
sqlite3 tmp.sqlite <<EOF
insert into t values (
0,
2,
2,
3,
5,
6,
6,
8,
9,
17,
)
EOF
sqlite3 tmp.sqlite 'create index tx on t(x)'For a bin size of 5 ignoring empty ranges we can:which produces the desired:
sqlite3 tmp.sqlite <<EOF
select floor(x/5)*5 as x,
count(*) as cnt
from t
group by 1
order by 1
EOF0|4
5|5
15|1And to consider empty ranges we can use SQL which outputs the desired:
genenerate_series + as per stackoverflow.com/questions/72367652/populating-empty-bins-in-a-histogram-generated-using-sql:sqlite3 tmp.sqlite <<EOF
select x, sum(cnt) from (
select floor(x/5)*5 as x,
count(*) as cnt
from t
group by 1
union
select *, 0 as cnt from generate_series(0, 15, 5)
)
group by x
EOF0|4
5|5
10|0
15|1The key cladograms:
- Hominoidea level for extant species separation
- Australopithecine level for extinct species separation: en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homo&oldid=1155900663#Phylogeny
How Humans Lost Their Fur by PBS Eons (2020)
Source. Says it is linked to bipedalism to help hunting in hot weather. But could only happen fully after the invention of fire, otherwise you'd be too cold at night.This was the first large part of the genome that was sequenced, in 1981: Cambridge Reference Sequence. Presumably they picked it because it is short and does not undergo crossover.
About 16.6 kbp:
- 13 coding genes
- 24 non-coding genes
TODO: many places say "exactly" 16,569, it seems that variable number tandem repeat are either rare or don't occur!
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2881260/ 1989 reports a single length polymorphism
As mentioned by Craig Venter in 100 Greatest Discoveries by the Discovery Channel (2004-2005), the main outcomes of the project were:
- it established the ballpark number of human genes
- showed that human genomes are very similar across individuals.
Important predecessors:
Neon isotope line split photograph by J. J. Thomson
. Source. J. J. Thomson took this picture in 1912:
There can, therefore, I think, be little doubt that what has been called neon is not a simple gas but a mixture of two gases, one of which has an atomic weight about 20 and the other about 22. The parabola due to the heavier gas is always much fainter than that due to the lighter, so that probably the heavier gas forms only a small percentage of the mixture.
As of 2020's and earlier, humans were far far behind. As of 2020s and earlier, even an average personal computers without a GPU, the hallmark of deep learning beats every human.
Chess is just too easy!
There are unlisted articles, also show them or only show them.