Vertebrate by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
The big breakthrough of the vertebrates appears to be the ability to swim around in a straight line and eat smaller species that are floating about.
Bones appear to help that a lot!
It is likely the most efficient design to travel long distances. Be thin and wiggle your tail around.
Perhaps smaller animals can skip the bone thing. Maybe a notable example are the lancelets, which look a bit like small fish. But they only go up to 8 cm.
Pauline epistles by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Drosophila melanogaster by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Ryzen by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
This was the CPU architecure that saved AMD in the 2010's, see also: Video "How AMD went from nearly Bankrupt to Booming by Brandon Yen (2021)"
ATP synthesis mechanism by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
ATP is the direct output of all the major forms of "energy generation" in cells:
x86 Paging Tutorial / Hardware implementation by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Paging is implemented by the CPU hardware itself.
Paging could be implemented in software, but that would be too slow, because every single RAM memory access uses it!
Operating systems must setup and control paging by communicating to the CPU hardware. This is done mostly via:
Processes can however make requests to the OS that cause the page tables to be modified, notably:
The kernel then decides if the request will be granted or not in a controlled manner.
x86 Paging Tutorial / PAE by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Physical address extension.
With 32 bits, only 4GB RAM can be addressed.
This started becoming a limitation for large servers, so Intel introduced the PAE mechanism to Pentium Pro.
To relieve the problem, Intel added 4 new address lines, so that 64GB could be addressed.
Page table structure is also altered if PAE is on. The exact way in which it is altered depends on weather PSE is on or off.
PAE is turned on and off via the PAE bit of cr4.
Even if the total addressable memory is 64GB, individual process are still only able to use up to 4GB. The OS can however put different processes on different 4GB chunks.
x86 Paging Tutorial / Memory management unit by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Paging is done by the Memory Management Unit (MMU) part of the CPU.
Like many others (e.g. x87 co-processor, APIC), this used to be by separate chip on early days.
It was later integrated into the CPU, but the term MMU still used.
b-money by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Utility function by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
University of Oxford study costs by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
As of 2022:
The median household income at the time was 31k[ref]. Clearly, putting one child through university with that income would be basically impossible, you would pay 19 - 5 = 14k/year, almost half of your income. Two children would be impossible. Remember how each family needs to have two children minimum to perpetuate life?
Cavendish Laboratory by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
University of California, Santa Barbara by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Andrew the Apostle by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
The derivative is the generator of the translation group by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Take the group of all Translation in .
Let's see how the generator of this group is the derivative operator:
The way to think about this is:
So let's take the exponential map:
and we notice that this is exactly the Taylor series of around the identity element of the translation group, which is 0! Therefore, if behaves nicely enough, within some radius of convergence around the origin we have for finite :
This example shows clearly how the exponential map applied to a (differential) operator can generate finite (non-infinitesimal) Translation!
SVG 1.2 by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Dropped in favor of SVG 2.
Gaupol by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Prokaryotic ribosome by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created

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