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The Vienna Circle was a group of philosophers and scientists active in Vienna, Austria, during the early 20th century, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s. The group is best known for its role in the development of logical positivism, a philosophical movement that emphasized the importance of empirical verification and scientific methodology.

A fact is a statement or assertion that can be verified as true or false based on objective evidence. Facts are based on observable phenomena and can typically be proven through empirical evidence, data, or documentation. For example, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure" is a fact because it can be tested and observed. It's important to distinguish facts from opinions, beliefs, or interpretations, which are subjective and may vary from person to person.

A truth condition is a critical concept in semantics and philosophy, particularly in the context of language and meaning. It refers to the conditions that must be satisfied for a statement or proposition to be considered true. In other words, a truth condition outlines what must be the case in the world for a particular assertion to hold true. For example, consider the statement "The cat is on the mat.

Operations research societies are professional organizations dedicated to the field of operations research (OR), which involves applying mathematical, statistical, and analytical methods to help make better decisions and solve complex problems in various domains, including business, engineering, logistics, healthcare, and more. These societies typically aim to advance the theory and practice of operations research by: 1. **Promoting Research**: Encouraging and disseminating research in operations research methodologies and applications.

Applied optics is a field of study that focuses on the practical applications of optical principles and technologies. It merges theoretical optics with engineering and technology to solve real-world problems involving light. This can include the design, development, and optimization of optical systems and devices for various applications across multiple industries. Key areas within applied optics include: 1. **Imaging Systems**: Designing cameras, microscopes, and other imaging devices that utilize lenses, sensors, and other optical components to capture and analyze images.

In the context of mineral aggregates, "voids" refer to the spaces or pores between the individual particles of the aggregate. These voids can significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of materials like concrete or asphalt. Here are some key points regarding voids in mineral aggregates: 1. **Porosity**: Voids contribute to the porosity of the aggregate. Porosity is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the material.

"Novae" (singular: nova) refers to astronomical events involving the sudden brightness of a star due to a thermonuclear explosion on its surface. This phenomenon occurs typically in binary star systems, where a white dwarf star accumulates material from a companion star, often a red giant or a main-sequence star.

The Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP) is a research institute located in Paris, France, dedicated to the study of astrophysics and related fields. It is part of the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and focuses on various areas of astrophysics, including cosmology, stellar physics, galactic dynamics, and the study of the universe's structure and evolution.

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) refers to a subset of dissolved organic matter in water that is colored, typically due to the presence of various organic compounds, including humic and fulvic acids. CDOM is characterized by its ability to absorb and scatter light, giving it a distinctive color, which can vary from yellow to brown, depending on its concentration and the specific composition of the organic matter.

Etienne Burdet is a researcher and academic known for his work in the field of robotics and human-robot interaction. He has been involved in various projects related to haptic devices, which provide tactile feedback to users, and the development of robotic systems that assist and augment human capabilities. His research often focuses on understanding the interactions between humans and robots and improving the usability and effectiveness of robotic systems in various applications.

Comets are classified into several types based on their orbits and characteristics. Here’s a list of different types of comets: 1. **Short-period comets**: - **Definition**: Comets that have an orbital period of less than 200 years.

Comets with no meaningful orbit are those which have been observed but do not have a well-defined or predictable trajectory due to factors such as insufficient observation time, perturbations by celestial bodies, or a lack of data to accurately calculate their orbits. While there may not be an official "list" specifically categorized as "comets with no meaningful orbit," astronomers often refer to comets that are poorly defined or have uncertain orbits.

The Krieger–Nelson Prize is an award given for outstanding research in the field of mathematics. It is named after mathematicians Marshall Krieger and Nelson S. J. K. The prize recognizes significant contributions to mathematical research and is typically awarded to researchers who have made impactful advancements within the discipline. The specific criteria and the awarding organization may vary, as there are various prizes and honors within the mathematical community.

The Ruth Lyttle Satter Prize in Mathematics is awarded by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) to recognize outstanding achievement by a woman in the field of mathematics. Established in 2009, the prize honors Ruth Lyttle Satter, a mathematician and researcher known for her contributions to the field. The award is intended to encourage women mathematicians to pursue their research and to acknowledge their accomplishments, helping to promote diversity within the mathematical community.

Haumea is a dwarf planet located in the Kuiper Belt, and it is known for its elongated shape, which is thought to be due to its fast rotation. Haumea has a unique feature among solar system bodies: it has three known moons. These moons are: 1. **Hi'iaka**: The largest of Haumea's moons and is named after the Hawaiian goddess of hula and childbirth.

Rotating machines are devices that convert energy into mechanical work through the rotation of a shaft. They play a crucial role in various applications across industries, including power generation, manufacturing, and transportation. Rotating machines typically rely on electromagnetic, mechanical, or thermal principles. **Common Types of Rotating Machines:** 1. **Electric Motors**: Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. They come in various types, including AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) motors.